1. Don’t Rely on the UI for Regression Test Automation
It is no doubt possible to create automated tests that aim to test the UI and user functionality of the product. Many libraries exist to help developers and QA teams automate testing at the interface level, across a wide range of languages. However, testing at the UI level is largely a practice that should come as a last resort in terms of priority within automated regression testing. By its very nature, the UI is extremely volatile, as often, even when the functionality that is behind the UI is still working correctly, minor changes in the UI itself can cause test failures left and right. Therefore, even in the most well-designed test suites, UI tests will frequently fail during automated regression testing, and require much further analysis or even manual testing to resolve.
Instead, automated regression tests should focus on low-level layers of the product, such as unit testing, the API, and service integrations. Allow the automated power of computers to handle more of the rapid, low-level testing, while allowing humans, via crowdtesting or in-house QA, deal with interface testing. Humans are great at finding "fit-and-finish" issues and they can easily adapt to small changes in the interface, whereas computers and automated tests tend to find it extremely challenging.
2. Maintain a Lean Version of Your Regression Test Suite
Automated regression testing inherently suggests continuous testing throughout the software development life cycle in order to quickly detect faults and implement necessary fixes. With GUI-driven functional tests, as the size of your test suite expands, it becomes necessary to remove or segregate tests from the test suite, lest the suite become too bloated, slow, and unwieldy to run with each build.
Finding the right balance between the overall requirement coverage and the speed of the test suite can be challenging, so often it is useful to implement a minimization technique to help you keep your test suite as lean and mean as possible. Using a minimization technique, such as the greedy algorithm, allows you to easily reduce the size of your test suite in a logical and heuristic manner, by identifying tests which cover the broadest spectrum of faults, and then loosely prioritizing tests within the suite based on that coverage.
Maintaining a smaller test suite is particularly important when dealing with automated functional testing suites, since regression testing often demands that the test suite is executed with every build and for every change made to the project. While ignoring this requirement and splitting the test suite into smaller chunks is a viable option to reduce execution time, that can potentially cause its own set of problems if a particular test is delayed too long into development or for too many subsequent builds. Once that test does finally come around again, it may shed light on faults that were unseen before and require even more regression than if the full suite had been used in the first place. So even as you split your test suite, you’ll need to work to determine the right balance between speed and coverage.
3. Prioritize Tests of Stable Code
It's all too common to try to make too many rapid changes to the code base within too short a timespan, which invariably leads to massive volatility, flakier tests, and higher test failure rates. Worst of all, if tests are flaky and are frequently failing, it's often worse to have that flaky test in place than simply having no test there at all. The sheer existence of screwy tests with volatile results requires a wasted time investment from developers to locate the issue and find a solution, all the while sunk costs are climbing and forward momentum on the project is slowing down. In the most dire scenarios, such tests can be build-breakers, preventing the next iteration from moving forward as scheduled.
For these reasons, it's best to prioritize automated tests that handle code and functionality that rarely changes, or when they do change, are subject to fairly minor alterations. By prioritizing these tests higher in the test suite, it generates a strong backbone of automated testing off of which to expand. As more and more volatile tests are added to the lower priority levels of the suite, the team can be more confident in those tests which remain at the top of the priority to continue to perform as expected and not cause any breakages along the way.
For test cases which do deal with constant changes, it's then often less time investment and lower cost to utilize human intervention. By deploying crowdtesters to the most unstable tests and components of the product, there's a balance of capabilities: automated tests are handling the stuff they're good at, while humans are integrated to deal with the volatile and subtler tests.
4. Focus on Customers and Revenue
One of the simplest prioritization techniques to implement is to focus on tests which are critical to customers. Rather than relying on complex algorithms or metrics to prioritize your test suite, this technique simply requires one or two individuals to go through the test list and evaluate each test case with one thought in mind: How impactful is this test case for the customer? A customer-allotted priority ensures that test priorities remain customer-oriented, by aligning the prospective needs and wants of the customer with the prioritization of the tests within the test suite.
Once customer needs have been established and worked into test ordering, the next logical step is to focus on revenue priority throughout the test suite. Arranging tests based on their likely impact on incoming revenue is a simple, yet powerful, technique that forces the test suite to automatically hone in on the most mission-critical test cases, order to get a fully-functional and well-rounded product out the door at the end of the development life cycle.
5. Use Metrics
While there's no perfect prioritization method that fits the needs of every project nor every team, you should make every effort to implement practices which take advantage of common, measurable metrics within the project. Commonly-used metrics like the Average Percentage of Faults Detected can be utilized to prioritize your test cases, but it's important to analyze the possibilities available to you -- particularly those metrics most relatable to your project -- to find the best solution.
If you can afford the overhead, one metric you can measure to truly help is Total Statement Coverage, which aims to measure how much of your actual code, line-by-line or statement-by-statement, is covered by the test suite. For obvious reasons, using this metric can be extremely cumbersome and requires a great deal of effort on behalf of developers and testers alike to ensure the full code base is covered.
The logical step up from there, and a metric that is far more commonly used, is Total Functional Coverage, which measures the quantity of functions in the code base which are in some way covered by the test suite. Even as a step up from Statement Coverage, it is not always feasible (nor necessary) to build tests which cover every function, so it is common to implement this metric by also tacking on some form of prioritization of your functionality to begin with. Deciding which functions (and therefore what functionality) is most critical, and assigning those higher scores to then use for ordering the tests in the test suite, is a tried and true practice.
It can also be beneficial to step away from the code with your metrics, and instead use a Fault Severity metric to help prioritize your tests. With this technique, each fault that is unearthed during the development life cycle is assigned its own severity rating from low to high. With that simple metric in hand, you're then able to easily prioritize test cases based on the requirements and severity level of the faults which those tests cover.
